Coffee ground bedding for chickens - Tractor Supply Flake Premium Pine Animal Shavings, 8 cu. ft. SKU: 502770699. 4.7 (5011) $6.79. Standard Delivery. Same Day Delivery Eligible. Add to Cart. Compare.

 
#1. humblehillsfarm. Crazy chicken lady. Mar 27, 2020. 3,720. 7,432. 481. Southwestern Pennsylvania. My Coop. Toward the end of February this year I picked up …. Charlotte mecklenburg recycle schedule

Hi. I have 20 laying hens. I have tried everything for bedding. Just an experiment I save my used coffee grounds. It’s safe chickens won’t try to eat it. At least mine don’t. This help absorbs moisture odor control, oh my the clean up is a breeze. We started with a kitty pooper scooper. Works great.Mar 27, 2020 · Toward the end of February this year I picked up 3 bags of grounds coffee ground bedding from Tractor Supply and immediately fell in love. With three bags I had a roughly 4" layer in my 4x6' chicken coop. My coop smelled wonderful and the grounds were so light weight and compostable. The very best part though is the scoopability of the coffee ... No, coffee grounds won’t keep chickens away from your yard. Though coffee is an incredible solution to keep insects and pests at bay, it doesn’t work on chickens. Rather, it can be extremely dangerous for your chickens. If your chickens peck at coffee by chance, it can be extremely harmful to their health.Vomiting blood is regurgitating (throwing up) contents of the stomach that contains blood. Vomiting blood is regurgitating (throwing up) contents of the stomach that contains blood...Precision Pet Chicken Nesting Pads by Petmate – 13” x 13” Premium Chicken Bedding Fit Most Nesting Boxes – 10 Pack,Beige, Made in USA. 5,669. 1K+ bought in past month. $2722 ($2.72/Count) $25.86 with Subscribe & Save discount. FREE delivery Wed, Apr 17 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon.May 24, 2023 - I wanted to show you why we switched from pine shaving to this coffee ground bedding for our chicks in our brooders. I think this is a much better option ma...OK so is this literally the same as the spent grounds you can get in bulk for free at coffeshops? If so, do you just mix it in with your other litter... Forums. New posts Search forums. What's new. New posts New media New articles New media comments New article comments New profile posts Latest activity New showcase items New …Toward the end of February this year I picked up 3 bags of grounds coffee ground bedding from Tractor Supply and immediately fell in love. With three bags I had a roughly 4" layer in my 4x6' chicken coop. My coop smelled wonderful and the grounds were so light weight and compostable. The very best part though is the scoopability of …I wanted to show you why we switched from pine shaving to this coffee ground bedding for our chicks in our brooders. I think this is a much better option ma...Article Summary. Coffee grounds are generally safe for chickens in moderation, as they offer nutritional benefits like nitrogen, potassium, iron, and …First, it would be ridiculously expensive. Second, the caffeine content would be too high. And third, the aroma from the fresh ground roasted coffee would irritate the birds delicate respiratory system. The coffee bedding you are looking for appears to be out of production. I got a few bags of Starbucks used Grounds for Gardeners and dried it. Kerri 26.2 Square Feet Chicken Coop with Chicken Run For Up To 6 Chickens. by Archie & Oscar™. $239.99 $314.99. ( 74) Free shipping. Sale. broccolici. January 30, 2024. Uncategorized. The quest for a sustainable and healthy environment for backyard chickens has led to an ingenious discovery: coffee ground …A popular choice for chicken bedding is pine shavings. Pine shavings are inexpensive, found at several farm supply stores and come in lightweight bags. They are very absorbent, and when spread generously on the floor of a chicken coop, last around a month. A word of caution: Do not use cedar shavings, they are bad for a chicken’s …Chickens can eat coffee grounds, and doing so can offer a number of benefits. For starters, coffee grounds can provide a boost of energy for your chickens. Chickens rely on a diet of mostly grains and seeds, which can be a bit dull. The addition of coffee grounds can help to perk them up. In addition, coffee grounds can also help to …Coffee isn’t just for the morning—use a couple of tablespoons combined with chili powder and paprika to make an easy and flavorful rub for evening meal meats as well. Average Ratin...The Gardening Channel With James Prigioni. 5.6K views 2 hours ago. Testing out coffee ground chicken bedding in our baby chick brooder **SUBSCRIBE TODAY!** for more …Caffeine toxicity is a serious concern for chickens and can be caused by the ingestion of coffee grounds or other substances containing caffeine. Caffeine is a form of methylxanthine that can be found in coffee, tea, and chocolate, among other things, and is toxic to most animals, including chickens. If a chicken consumes even a small amount …Additionally, when a chicken jumps to the ground from either a perch or nest box, they need a layer of protection from the ground. Broken eggs inside the hen can be a life-threatening situation, so keep that litter deep to help your hens. ... Sweet PDZ Coop Refresher, and Koop Clean Chicken Bedding, is comprised of zeolite and its mode of ...My Coop. My Coop. It seems to be a seasonal product, or at least not readily producible so not available as constantly as we would desire. Some folks gather (from coffee shops) and dry their own. May 31, 2023. #3. C.Jordan Karcher, the 31-year-old founder behind coffee company Grounds and Hounds, talks about building his business from scratch. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newslette... Product Details. Highly absorbent animal bedding, made from recycled coffee grounds. Reduces dust and smell, and allows you to easily scoop out unwanted waste, for a longer-lasting bedding option. 1 cubic foot is approximately 35 lbs. of grounds. Save this product for later. Shopping Bag. Ciancio 25.1/37.4 Square Feet Chicken Run Lockable Chicken Coop With Tarp. by Tucker Murphy Pet™. From $80.99. Shop Wayfair for the best recycled coffee grounds chicken coop bedding for your coop. Enjoy Free Shipping on most stuff, even big stuff.The Inclusion of Coffee in Commercial Layer Diets, published in 2011, included 125 laying hens which were split into groups: a control, one fed 1.2% of their diet with caffeinated coffee (roughly 9 mg of caffeine per bird, considered a “moderate” amount), and the other fed a diet with 1.2% decaffeinated coffee. The study lasted between 21 ...Easy to use: Use as chicken coop bedding and perfect for deep litter method. One bag can cover a 40 sq. ft. coop floor with about 1.5 in. layer of bedding. This 5 cu. ft. bale can also cover approximately 30 sq. ft. with 2 of bedding, or 15 sq. ft. with 4 of bedding, or 10 sq. ft. with 6 of bedding. Biodegradable, compostable, renewable, and ...Jan 4, 2010 · Call 1-800-234-3368. Coffee bean chaff — the light, airy husks blown off the beans during roasting, can be used as chicken coop litter, mulch and compost. Chaff can usually be found for free at ... Jan 30, 2023 · The safety of using coffee grounds as chicken bedding is a subject of debate among chicken owners and experts. Some chicken owners have reported that coffee grounds make great chicken bedding because they are dust-free and deodorizing [ 1 ], while others warn against using coffee grounds for bedding, as they are not recommended for use in ... Toward the end of February this year I picked up 3 bags of grounds coffee ground bedding from Tractor Supply and immediately fell in love. With three bags I had a roughly 4" layer in my 4x6' chicken coop. My coop smelled wonderful and the grounds were so light weight and compostable. The very best part though is the scoopability of …@rosemarythyme what do you use. Right now for the coop, I use wood chips and hemp under the roost. Previously I was using fine wood chips under the roost, but it was a pain trying to sift out enough of it to cover the under roost area. Wood chips are free and sourced from my yard. Hemp is a...Learn how to cook chicken, whether your preferred method is baking, stir-frying, roasting, or all of the above. You'll find many tips here. Advertisement Chicken is incredibly vers...Dry, pine bedding is excellent and suitable for all types of poultry, from day-old to adult. This is the second most commonly used bedding material in chicken coops. Pros: Can be purchased at almost any feed store. They are absorbent and when purchased as flakes, do not present issues with dust. Very easily cleaned/removed from a coop.Beneficial Microbes: Used grounds can promote the growth of beneficial microbes which help in breaking down waste, making the environment healthier for the chickens. Coffee ground bedding for chickens is not just an eco-friendly alternative but one that brings multifaceted benefits to the coop’s microenvironment.Already, its shares are soaring. Investors in Luckin Coffee, a Beijing-based company that hopes to topple Starbucks, have grounds for celebration today. Luckin started trading on t...Toward the end of February this year I picked up 3 bags of grounds coffee ground bedding from Tractor Supply and immediately fell in love. With three bags I had a roughly 4" layer in my 4x6' chicken coop. My coop smelled wonderful and the grounds were so light weight and compostable. The very best part though is the scoopability of …Coffee grounds contain compounds that can help to neutralize unpleasant odors, such as ammonia, which is commonly found in chicken waste. By using coffee bedding, you can …[25lbs] Hemp Bedding for Chickens, Unique Chicken Crumble Formula - Made from 100% Natural Hemp - Super Absorbent Odor Control Hemp Bedding for Chickens - Eco-Friendly Hemp Chicken Coop Bedding 97. $48.84 $ 48. 84. 1:10 . 24 Liter Rowdy Rooster Hemp Animal Bedding 95. $26.90 $ 26. 90. 0:44 .Have you heard about using coffee grounds as bedding for your chicken coop? Many folks are doing it, but is it safe? Where can you get it from?Kerri 26.2 Square Feet Chicken Coop with Chicken Run For Up To 6 Chickens. by Archie & Oscar™. $239.99 $314.99. ( 74) Free shipping. Sale.Learn how to draw a chicken by starting with basic shapes and adding details. These simple instructions include illustrations for each step. Advertisement Yo­u can transform bas­ic...OK so is this literally the same as the spent grounds you can get in bulk for free at coffeshops? If so, do you just mix it in with your other litter... Forums. New posts Search forums. What's new. New posts New media New articles New media comments New article comments New profile posts Latest activity New showcase items New …3. Step 3: Add to the Coop. With your well-mixed coffee ground bedding in hand, it’s time to introduce it to the chicken coop. This step involves spreading a thick layer of the bedding on the coop floor, ensuring complete coverage and providing a comfortable and clean living space for your chickens.Chicken coop bedding and primo soil amendment. 2) Ground and whole bean roasted coffee (non food-grade! for garden and sachet use only) – 500# or more available as of 1/15/2010. 3) Green and partially-roasted whole bean coffee (for beautiful garden paths that actually improve the soil and repel pests) 600# or more available as of …Dry, pine bedding is excellent and suitable for all types of poultry, from day-old to adult. This is the second most commonly used bedding material in chicken coops. Pros: Can be purchased at almost any feed store. They are absorbent and when purchased as flakes, do not present issues with dust. Very easily cleaned/removed from a coop.To make 100 cups of brewed coffee, you need 50 scoops of ground coffee beans or two level tablespoons of ground coffee for every 6 ounces of water. Ground coffee can be used to sui... We have just started our journey with backyard chickens and we picked up some coffee ground bedding at the store, it says all the caffeine is removed making it safe for the chickens. I’m assuming they process the grounds with more than just running it through a pot of coffee one time but wondered if anybody knew any more details or ... Inexpensive. Cons of using coffee grounds as bedding for chicks. Toxicity. Acidity. Mold growth. Stained feathers. Considerations when Using Coffee Grounds as Chick Bedding. Where to Buy Coffee Grounds for Use as Chicken Bedding. Top Coffee Grounds Bedding Brands for Your Chickens. Alternatives to coffee grounds as bedding for chicks.Check out our coffee ground bedding selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our riding & farm animals shops. ... "I recently researched chicken coop bedding and found Bean’s Hemp Animal Bedding. Though it’s more expensive than straw and shavings, it is much more superior in its absorbency! ...Have you heard about using coffee grounds as bedding for your chicken coop? Many folks are doing it, but is it safe? Where can you get it from? Kerri 26.2 Square Feet Chicken Coop with Chicken Run For Up To 6 Chickens. by Archie & Oscar™. $239.99 $314.99. ( 74) Free shipping. Sale. broccolici. January 30, 2024. Uncategorized. The quest for a sustainable and healthy environment for backyard chickens has led to an ingenious discovery: coffee ground …Toward the end of February this year I picked up 3 bags of grounds coffee ground bedding from Tractor Supply and immediately fell in love. With three bags I had a roughly 4" layer in my 4x6' chicken coop. My coop smelled wonderful and the grounds were so light weight and compostable. The very best part though is the scoopability of …Coffee dissolves in water, but the extent of coffee solubility varies. Ground coffee beans do not completely dissolve in hot water, while instant coffee, otherwise called soluble c...TikTok video from dorothyschwark (@dorothyschwark): “Do you use the inflamous coffee ground bedding for chickens? #crazychickenlady …Hemp Animal Bedding 10 Lbs = 51 Liters of Natural Ground Hurds - SUPER ABSORBENT- DUST FREE- for your Horse, Chicken, Rabbit, Reptile, Hamster, Cage Coop or CAT LITTER - USA Grown - Carbon Negative. 32. 50+ bought in past month. $2995 ($0.19/Ounce) $15.95 delivery May 8 - 13.Chicken coop bedding and primo soil amendment. 2) Ground and whole bean roasted coffee (non food-grade! for garden and sachet use only) – 500# or more available as of 1/15/2010. 3) Green and partially-roasted whole bean coffee (for beautiful garden paths that actually improve the soil and repel pests) 600# or more available as of …Easy to use: Use as chicken coop bedding and perfect for deep litter method. One bag can cover a 40 sq. ft. coop floor with about 1.5 in. layer of bedding. This 5 cu. ft. bale can also cover approximately 30 sq. ft. with 2 of bedding, or 15 sq. ft. with 4 of bedding, or 10 sq. ft. with 6 of bedding. Biodegradable, compostable, renewable, and ...I have a small coop for up to 4 chickens. I had always used 100% sweet PDZ on the floor of the coop. Recently I started mixing in some of the coffee ground bedding from Rural King. What I scoop makes its way into the compost. I figured that while sweet PDZ is okay for the compost, the coffee grounds are beneficial.Grounds All Natural Animal Bedding is made from recycled coffee grounds and is great for chickens (chicks), ducks and turkeys! Product Features: Grounds bedding has great coffee scent; Pet bedding has no dust and does not break down like traditional wood shavings; Small pet bedding is easy to clean and scoop out unwanted waste; Natural pest ...Nov 6, 2022 · November 6, 2022. It is completely safe for your animals. There is no caffeine or anything harmful in our coffee grounds. Our bedding makes your coop smell like your favorite local coffee shop, it doesn’t decompose and break down into dust, and it acts like a cat litter for your animals’ droppings, making for a quick and easy clean up! TikTok video from dorothyschwark (@dorothyschwark): “Do you use the inflamous coffee ground bedding for chickens? #crazychickenlady …Grounds All Natural Animal Bedding is made from recycled coffee grounds and is great for chickens (chicks), ducks and turkeys! Product Features: Grounds bedding has …Caffeine toxicity is a serious concern for chickens and can be caused by the ingestion of coffee grounds or other substances containing caffeine. Caffeine is a form of methylxanthine that can be found in coffee, tea, and chocolate, among other things, and is toxic to most animals, including chickens. If a chicken consumes even a small amount …Remove old bedding materials. Thoroughly sweep and clean the bedding area. Lay down new bedding. Sprinkle thin layer of First Saturday Lime on the surface of the new, clean bedding. Key Tip: For a clean coop, repeat Steps 1-3 once a month. For additional tips on how to keep your poultry healthy, visit our chicken learning center by clicking here.Feb 3, 2024 · Grounds For Your Garden: Grounds For Your Garden is a brand of coffee ground bedding that is specifically designed for use in chicken coops and gardens. It is made from 100% organic coffee grounds and is highly absorbent, helping to keep your coop dry and odor-free. Caffeine toxicity is a serious concern for chickens and can be caused by the ingestion of coffee grounds or other substances containing caffeine. Caffeine is a form of methylxanthine that can be found in coffee, tea, and chocolate, among other things, and is toxic to most animals, including chickens. If a chicken consumes even a small amount …Sand for bare ground, shavings, and straw are the most popular choices. They are insulating and easy to clean. Sand and shavings are also moisture absorbing to help keep dampness out of the coop. Shredded paper is a great option also. It may need to be replaced more often, but it works well.Another coffee ground bedding video If you have chickens and havent tried coffee grounds Try it It makes cleaning so much easier coffeegrounds bedding chickens cleaning coopcleaningday. Rural King Supply - NEW 35lb Coffee Ground Bedding 10.99 Facebook. Coffee and Chickens What You Need to Know. Coffee grounds bedding …Jan 30, 2024 · Here’s why: Natural Pest Control: Chickens can be pestered by mites and other critters. Coffee grounds possess natural pest repellent properties, helping to keep your flock pest-free. Absorbency Factor: Coffee grounds are highly absorbent, which means they can help keep the coop dry and reduce odor—a plus for both chicken and owner. Feb 4, 2024 · 3. Hemp. Hemp bedding is a green choice for chicken keepers. It is made from the stalks of the hemp plant, which is an environmentally sustainable crop. Unlike other parts of the hemp plant used for fabric, food, or CBD oil, the stalks are processed into a highly absorbent, fibrous material to make beddings. No, coffee grounds won’t keep chickens away from your yard. Though coffee is an incredible solution to keep insects and pests at bay, it doesn’t work on chickens. Rather, it can be extremely dangerous for your chickens. If your chickens peck at coffee by chance, it can be extremely harmful to their health.5 Top Beddings for Chicken Coops. Let’s discuss the pros and cons of 5 of the best bedding options for chicken coops: 1. Chopped Straw. Straw makes a cheap, loosely packed bedding that chickens enjoy scratching and dust bathing in.If you're thinking of starting a chicken-related franchise, here are the best chicken franchise options available right now. * Required Field Your Name: * Your E-Mail: * Your Remar...Dry, pine bedding is excellent and suitable for all types of poultry, from day-old to adult. This is the second most commonly used bedding material in chicken coops. Pros: Can be purchased at almost any feed store. They are absorbent and when purchased as flakes, do not present issues with dust. Very easily cleaned/removed from a coop.No, coffee grounds won’t keep chickens away from your yard. Though coffee is an incredible solution to keep insects and pests at bay, it doesn’t work on chickens. Rather, it can be extremely dangerous for your chickens. If your chickens peck at coffee by chance, it can be extremely harmful to their health.Hi. I have 20 laying hens. I have tried everything for bedding. Just an experiment I save my used coffee grounds. It’s safe chickens won’t try to eat it. At least mine don’t. This help absorbs moisture odor …Toward the end of February this year I picked up 3 bags of grounds coffee ground bedding from Tractor Supply and immediately fell in love. With three bags I had a roughly 4" layer in my 4x6' chicken coop. My coop smelled wonderful and the grounds were so light weight and compostable. The very best part though is the scoopability of the coffee ...Family Owned & Operated. Over 130 Stores in 13 States. Over 100,000+ Products. A store for the ages.Chickens can eat coffee grounds, and doing so can offer a number of benefits. For starters, coffee grounds can provide a boost of energy for your chickens. Chickens rely on a diet of mostly grains and seeds, which can be a bit dull. The addition of coffee grounds can help to perk them up. In addition, coffee grounds can also help to …Coffee grounds contain compounds that can help to neutralize unpleasant odors, such as ammonia, which is commonly found in chicken waste. By using coffee bedding, you can …First week with testing Grounds’ coffee ground chicken bedding in our chick brooder...Chicken coop bedding made from coffee grounds has texture, scent, and other positive qualities. For example, they absorb moisture and reduce mess. All of this makes it a well-suited coop bedding as well as a litter choice. But caffeine still poisons your chickens, and the risk of ingestion is still there.

502 posts · Joined 2005. #3 · Mar 26, 2011. Chicken litter is a hot fertilizer, and MUST be composted before using it to mulch a garden. You asked about using it as mulch, which means top dressing? I'd compost it for a summer before top dressing with it, or at least compost it for a few months before turning it in to your garden soil.. Protogen furry

coffee ground bedding for chickens

Coffee grounds, when mixed with other organic materials, make an excellent addition to chicken bedding. Chickens produce a lot of waste, and their bedding needs regular cleaning. By incorporating used coffee grounds into the mix, you can enhance the composting process and create nutrient-rich soil amendments.If you're thinking of starting a chicken-related franchise, here are the best chicken franchise options available right now. * Required Field Your Name: * Your E-Mail: * Your Remar...First week with testing Grounds’ coffee ground chicken bedding in our chick brooder...Toward the end of February this year I picked up 3 bags of grounds coffee ground bedding from Tractor Supply and immediately fell in love. With three bags I had a roughly 4" layer in my 4x6' chicken coop. My coop smelled wonderful and the grounds were so light weight and compostable. The very best part though is the scoopability of …Coffee Ground Bedding For Chicken Coop. Bedding materials idea for chicken coop deep litter method CC: bee.jeweled.coop via tiktok. Rumah. Garten. Instagram. hello from the east | living consciously. 2rb pengikut. 3 Komentar. Dana isn't coffee toxic to chickens? Lainnya seperti ini. Lainnya seperti ini. 0:17.Hi everyone, I‘m new to chickens, and we’ve just built our coop, and our Pullets will be ready for pick up in about 8 weeks. been Researching recycled coffee grounds for run and coop flooring. Tractor Supply sells the item with rave reviews, but I’m a bit confused about the idea of the product as many sites mention coffee grounds aren’t ...Chicken coop bedding and primo soil amendment. 2) Ground and whole bean roasted coffee (non food-grade! for garden and sachet use only) – 500# or more available as of 1/15/2010. 3) Green and partially-roasted whole bean coffee (for beautiful garden paths that actually improve the soil and repel pests) 600# or more available as of 1/15/2010 ...Jun 10, 2023 · Additionally, using coffee grounds as bedding is a sustainable option for disposing of coffee waste. Key Takeaways: Traditional chicken bedding options like straw, wood shavings, or sand can produce strong odors, attract pests, and be costly and time-consuming to clean and replace. [25lbs] Hemp Bedding for Chickens, Unique Chicken Crumble Formula - Made from 100% Natural Hemp - Super Absorbent Odor Control Hemp Bedding for Chickens - Eco-Friendly Hemp Chicken Coop Bedding 97. $48.84 $ 48. 84. 1:10 . 24 Liter Rowdy Rooster Hemp Animal Bedding 95. $26.90 $ 26. 90. 0:44 . Organic Coffee Chaff - Natural Plant Fertilizer rich in nutrients - 1 gallon. (231) $11.49. FREE shipping. Rural King has coffee ground bedding that's especially made for this - I linked it below (caffeine-free, dry, etc.) . It's $12 for 35 lbs. I haven't used it, but I'm considering it for my shelf. I wouldn't use just any coffee grounds - risk of birds ingesting caffeine (not good) and needing to ensure complete dryness, etc., probably safer and …Okay so I picked up the Starbucks coffee grounds. I got maybe 1.5 gallons worth of grounds. The grounds used for regular brewed coffee were left in the filter. I composted the filter. They were course grind and looked great. They also threw in the espresso pucks which are a fine grind and, well, in a puck.Learn how to cook chicken, whether your preferred method is baking, stir-frying, roasting, or all of the above. You'll find many tips here. Advertisement Chicken is incredibly vers...No Dust. Easy Clean. That’s our motto! Our 100% All Natural Animal Bedding is made from 100% recycled coffee grounds. To answer the question you’re asking yourself - Yes! It is completely safe for your animals. There is no caffeine or anything harmful in our coffee grounds. Our bedding makes your coop smell like your favorite local coffee ...Coffee grounds may have the perfect texture for chicken coop bedding and a pleasant smell, yet many are concerned that caffeine poisoning could occur if chickens ingest them. While some people believe they make an ideal low-cost form of litter, others remain wary due to potential health risks.Jan 4, 2010 · Call 1-800-234-3368. Coffee bean chaff — the light, airy husks blown off the beans during roasting, can be used as chicken coop litter, mulch and compost. Chaff can usually be found for free at ... aart said: I'm tempted to try is as a replacement for PDZ on the poop boards. It's time to start drying out my coffee grounds, instead of putting them in my compost pile. It might take a while to get enough to start, but I have 4 …Beneficial Microbes: Used grounds can promote the growth of beneficial microbes which help in breaking down waste, making the environment healthier for the chickens. Coffee ground bedding for chickens is not just an eco-friendly alternative but one that brings multifaceted benefits to the coop’s microenvironment.Pros of using sand: Low risk of mold growth. Lasts for a long-time. Provides a natural grit source & dust bath. Helps chicken droppings dry out quickly. Stays cool in the summer – if out of direct sunlight. Easy to clean, like a kitty litter box – but needs cleaned often. Coffee grounds can be used as bedding in the coop to help deter pests and bugs from bothering your chickens, but it is crucial to regularly clean and replace the bedding over time. Make sure to regularly remove droppings, scrub the nesting area, and keep the food and water areas pesticide-free. .

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